Japan/Tokugawa Shogunate period 1600-1868

AE Kanei Tsuho, 23 mm, 2.37 g. 

Hartill 4.144

Reverse: plain

Jumantsubo, Fukagawa, Musashi  CE 1736-1739

 

ROMAN/Maximianus CE 286-310 abdication issue

AE Half Follis, 19.6 - 18.7 mm. 2.62 g,  c. CE 306, Alexandria mint

RIC 87b

RCV 13419

O: laur draped bust r, DN MAXIMIANO FELISSIM

R:  Providentia and Quies stg facing each other holding branch, A in lower field between, PROVIDENTIA DEORVM in ex ALE

 

Ex: W. Esty

AUSTRIA/County of Tyrol/Leopold V 1626-1632

 AR 10 Kreuzer 28 mm, 3.85 g, mint of Hall in Austrian Tyrol 1632

KM 589

MT 479

O: Armored portrait of Leopold V. of Habsburg, value below, date in front of the bust.  LEOPOLDVS D G ARC D AVSTRI (10) in right field 1632

R: Crowned coat-of-arms with Hungary, Bohemia, Austria and Tyrol, at bottom ancient Austria, surrounded by the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece. DVX BVRGVND COMES TYROL

ROMAN/Honorius CE 393-423

 AE 4   11 mm, 0.92 g, 6h, Roma mint c. CE 410-423

RCV 21048

O:  diad drap bust r [DN]HONOR[IVS PF AVG]

R: Victory adv l holding wreath and palm, P in field [VICTORIA AVGG] in ex [RM].

ex: W. Esty

EU Coinage/Vatican City; Pope Francis CE 2013- date

One Euro Cent, 2016 Roma Mint, issued only in sets of which there were 70,000 issued in 2016

Leuchtterm LVA-K1.5

purchased this example as a singleton at a shop at the Vatican. No Vatican Euro coins were available in change despite having read that 50 Euro cent examples could be had in change from some shops, we could not find examples of this during a short visit. 

Main entrance as it appeared on 3 October 2024 just before some torrential rains dropped perhaps 2 cm of rain on Roma over the next few hours. 
 

ROMAN/DECENTIUS as Caesar CE 350-353

 

AE Centenionalis, 22 mm, 5.1 g, 6h, Roma mint c. CE 350-351

RIC VIII 219

O: bare headed and cuir bust r. Γ behind head. MAG DECENTI-VS NOB CAES

R: VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES two victories supporting wreath inscribed VOT/V/MVLT/X in ex. RS

 

Ex: Warren Esty

Ex: London Ancient Coins (UK) Auction E (08.08.2013) lot 277

Greece/Seleucid; Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus c. BCE 94/3

 AE 21 mm, 7.21 g, 1h, Antioch mint

SC 2443 (likely)

O: Diademed hd of Antiochus XI r, bearded, diadem ends falling straight behind, dotted border.

R: BAΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOV in two lines on r., EΠΙΦΑΝΟVΣ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦOV in two lines on l., Athena stg. l. holding Nike outside inscription and resting hand on grounded shield, spear propped in crook of elbow.

Control: outer l. above bunch of grapes.

ROMAN SYRIA; Augustus BCE 27-CE 14 revived posthumous Tetradrachms of Philip Philadelphus

AR Tetradrachm, 14.39 g, 26 mm, 12h, Antioch mint, dated Yr. 28 of the Caesarean Era or BCE 22/21

RPC 4144

Newell 41

Prieur 21

McAlee 22

O: diad hd of Philip Philadelphus r.

R: Zeus enthroned l holding Nike, frozen control under throne, AYT monogram inner left field and HK in ex as the Caesarean Era year.  ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ on right ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΥ on left

 

EX: “Livia” Hoard 1998 cf. Richard G. McAlee “The Livia Hoard of Pseudo-Philip Tetradrachms” AJN 11 (1999) pp. 1-12 and plates 1-3. Where among the hoard of 677 pieces, only 20 were identified as Yr. 28.

EX:  CNG which made the coins available to McAlee for study.

 

ROMAN/Septimius Severus CE 193-211

AR Denarius 17.5 mm, 3.35 g, Roma mint c. CE 200-201

RSC 612

RIC IV 168a

O:  laur bust r SEVERVS AVG-PART MAX

R: Severus stg l in military garb, offering sacrifice over altar RESTITVTO-RI VRBIS

 

This denarius commemorates the restorative work in Roma undertaken by Severus after securing his position in the wake of the civil wars arising after the murder of Commodus in CE 192.  One example, is some restorative work commemorated by a now barely visible inscription on the Pantheon beneath that of the Agrippa inscription, noting his contribution to restoring the structure that “deteriorated by old age”.

Close up of the Severan inscription seen on the Pantheon at the end of September 2024 during a trip to Roma.

Porta Octavia in the Jewish Ghetto of Roma seen at the end of September 2024 with an inscription dated to around the time of the issuance of this denarius, commemorating the restoration of the monument by Severus and Caracalla after a fire. 

Bust of Severus at the Uffizi in Firenze, seen at the end of September 2024

Arch of Severus in the Roman Forum at the end of September 2024

GREEK/Seleucid; Demetrios II (first reign) BCE 146-138

 AR Hemidrachm 14 mm, 1.78 g, 12h, Antioch mint c. BCE 145/4

SC 1910d

CSE II 513

O: diad hd right, fillet border.

R: BAΣIΛEΩ[Σ]/ΔHMHTPIOY in two lines on right.

ΘEOY/ΦIΛAΔEΛΦOY/NIKATOPOΣ in three lines on the left. Apollo stg facing left

control marks in lower center left adjacent to Apollo's right leg. 

ROMAN/Commodus CE 177-192

 AR Denarius; 16 mm, 2.75 g, Roma mint CE 185/6

RIC 110c type

O: M COMM ANT P FEL AVG BRIT, laur bust r.

R: FID EXERC in ex, PM TRP XI IMP VII COS IIII PP, Commodus haranguing troops

According to a posting on COINTALK the following was found about this coin type, or the background information pertaining to it:

There had been an attempted coup in 185. The praetorian prefect Perennis, commander of the praetorian cohorts since 180, plotted the assassination of Commodus, but he was betrayed by some of his men who secretly went to the palace and exposed the whole thing to the emperor. In imperial Rome, it was extremely difficult for civilians to meet the emperor in person, but the military had an easy access to him. This is what Herodian later wrote : " For not much later, some soldiers visited Perennis' son in secret and carried off coins bearing the prefect's portrait. And, without the knowledge of Perennis, the praetorian prefect, they took the coins directly to Commodus and revealed to him the secret details of the plot. They were richly rewarded for their service. While Perennis was still ignorant of these developments and anticipated nothing of the sort, the emperor sent for him at night and had him beheaded." Commodus soon went to the praetorian camp in order to secure the soldiers' loyalty. New coins representing this imperial visit to the praetorian camp were minted, first in gold and silver, later in bronze, with the legend Fides exercitus, "loyalty of the army". Herodian is the only author mentioning the coins with Perennis' portrait. Is it true, or is it a mere legend? If such coins were actually minted, they must have been aurei and denarii (like Pescennius Niger's 193 coinage in Antioch), and all destroyed soon afterwards...But it's more probably a legend, for Cassius Dio, who considered Perennis an able commander slain by his own mutinous soldiers, does not mention these coins. (Cited from: https://www.cointalk.com/threads/commodus-and-the-praetorians-a-sestertius.412928/)

Another site adds a little greater detail to what was discussed above:

Comment: Fides was the Roman personification of trust, loyalty and oath. She was also venerated under the name Fides Publica Populi Romani (roughly „general trustworthiness of the Roman people“). According to tradition, Rome’s second king Numa Pompilius established annual festivals in honour of Fides, and instituted that the higher priests (the three flamines maiores) were brought to the temple in a covered vaulted chariot drawn by two horses. There they were to conduct Fides‘ services with their heads covered and their right hands wrapped up to their fingers, thus showing absolute devotion to Fides and symbolising trust. There is historical evidence of the erection of a temple on the Capitol during the 1st Punic War. Its temple in Rome, consecrated in 254 BC by the consul Aulus Atilius Caiatinus, was located on the Capitol near the temple of Jupiter. Here the Roman Senate signed and kept treaties with other states, entrusting them to Fides‘ protection. As a rule, a standing woman is depicted, usually with ears of corn and a basket of fruit or a cornucopia and bowl. She thus embodies the „Fides publica“ – the promise of trust and loyalty between the emperor and the Roman people. In the later – and increasingly uncertain – imperial period, more and more issues of the „Fides militum“ and the „Fides exercitus“ were added, mostly with military attributes such as spear, sceptre, standard or aquila. These coins fervently invoke the loyalty of the legions and soldiers to their emperor. This “Fides Exercitus” denarius type can be dated to the year 186 AD. Although the eleventh Tribunicia Potestate of Commodus already began on 10 December 185 AD, he did not take up the fifth consulate until 01 January 186 AD – and therefore marks the earliest possible issue of this denarius. On the reverse legend we still see the seventh imperatorial title (IMP VII) from 184 AD – thus the coming eighth imperatorial title (IMP VIII, bellum desertorum under the leadership of Pescennius Niger), which he receives in the course of 186 AD, marks the end of the issue. The minting period can therefore be set between January and the middle / end of the year 186 AD.

In 184 AD barbarians crossed the border wall in Britain and cut down a Roman detachment (Dio LXXII 8. Comm. 6, 2. 8, 4. 13, 5. Dessau 1327). Commodus sent Ulpius Marcellus against them, who had already administered Britain in the time of Emperor Marcus (CIL VII 504). The latter succeeded in defeating the Britannians, but nevertheless there seems to have been a revolt among the three legions on the spot towards the end of 184 AD. Commodus’ favorite Perennis is said to have made himself unpopular with the Britannian legions by appointing knight army commanders instead of senatorial ones (Comm. 6, 2). The disaffected troops even wanted to elect a counter-emperor (Comm. 8, 4), perhaps a Priscus (Dio vol. V p. 208 Dind.). In any case, the insurgents sent a large deputation of 1500 men to Rome to effect the overthrow of Perennis (Dio LXXII 9, 2-4). Apparently, the deputation – unhindered by anyone – got as far as just outside Rome, where Commodus is said to have met them. When asked about their motives, the mutinous soldiers are said to have replied to Commodus “they were here because Perennis had plotted against him and was planning to make his son emperor”. Commodus believed them, especially since another of Commodus’ minions – Cleander – further encouraged him in this belief. Thereupon Commodus, fearing the deputation of the Britannic army, abandoned his all-powerful prefect to the soldiers, who killed him with his wife, sister and two sons (Dio LXXII 9, 4. 13, 1. Comm. 6, 2). The fact that Commodus not only abandoned Perennis to the mob, but also the family of his prefect, and that he subsequently appointed two “Praefecti praetorio” instead of a single one as before, shows that Commodus certainly believed in a real conspiracy. To these historical events of the years 184 and 185 AD appear on aurei and denarii (RIC 110) for the first time on the backs of the coins an emperor standing on a pedestal in front of three soldiers, each holding a legionary eagle. The three soldiers probably symbolize the three mutinous legions stationed in Britain.

With this, however, the troubled times do not seem to have come to an end. Remarkable is the number of “Fides Exercitus” issues on medallions, sestertii and denarii (RIC 130, 468) in different variations, which were continued in the following year 186 AD – among them the siberdenary presented here. All of them show the emperor Commodus in military dress; alone on a pedestal; in front of him are either three, four, five or six soldiers with three legionary eagles. Since here again explicitly three legion eagles are depicted, a reference to the three Britannic legions suggests itself again. Since there had also been similar aurei issues, one could possibly also assume possible donatives. However, the minting of sestertii speaks against it. Judging by the poor quality of individual dies, the coins were produced in a certain hurry, which in any case suggests an acute need for a large amount of currency. The mutinous legions in Britain were still not pacified after the fall of Perennis, and the mutiny continued. Commodus had recalled Pertinax (later emperor) from exile after the prefect’s fall and entrusted him with supreme command of the three Britannian legions. When Pertinax arrived on the island the unrest reached another peak. The soldiers were still without the desired new emperor and to this end proclaimed Pertinax as the new emperor. The latter refused and finally put down the uprisings of the legions – nevertheless the unrest among the soldiers had almost cost Pertinax his life. But also in Germania superior there were riots among mutinous soldiers in 186 AD, led by a certain Maternus. Maternus and his band of robbers roamed Gaul and Spain, raiding and plundering major cities. In addition to the unrest, there were attacks by Germanic groups who crossed the Rhine. An inscription from Urbinium speaks of a “nova obsidio” from which the Legio VIII Augusta under the command of the tribune C. Vesvius Vindex was able to free itself. The wax tablet in Rottweil is dated 14 August 186 AD and mentions the liberation of Legio VIII.

Fides Exercitus, if not Fides Exercituum, may be understood here as an appeal to the mutinous Britannic legions. The three legionary eagles can be seen on almost all depictions of this. However, a reference to the events in Upper Germania would also be conceivable. Primary source: „Maria Regina Kaiser-Raiß; Die stadtrömische Münzprägung während der Alleinherrschaft des Commodus“.

URL for citation above is Yothr CRI.186.5a - Yothr Commodus Coin Collection

Bust of Commodus as Hercules from the Capitoline Museum in Roma, September 2024

Bust of Commodus from the Palazzo Massimo, Roma September 2024

BYZANTINE; Justin II & Sophia CE 565-578

 AE Half Follis, 20 mm, 6.52 g, Thessalonica mint RY 10/CE 574-575

SB 366

O: DN IVSTINVS PP AV or similar, Justin l and Sophia r std facing on double throne both nimbate.

R: Large K, above Θ+c, A/N/N/O to left and X for regnal year to right with Tεs in ex.

AE Half Follis, 20 mm, 6.52 g, Thessalonica mint RY 10/CE 574-575

SB 366

O: DN IVSTINVS PP AV or similar, Justin l and Sophia r std facing on double throne both nimbate.

R: Large K, above Θ+c, A/N/N/O to left and X for regnal year to right with Tεs in ex.

BYZANTINE; Heraclius, Heraclius Constantine & Martina CE 610-641

AE Follis, 23 x 27 mm, 7.03 g, Thessalonica mint RY 14/CE 623-624

SB 825

O: no legend Heraclius Constantine, Heraclius and Martina stg facing (it appears that HC is on the left and Martina on the right).

R: Large M, A/N/N/O on left X/II/II on right and officina is unreadable but likely B, with Θεc in ex.

 

BYZANTINE; John II Comnenus CE 1118-1143

AE Half Tetarteron, 16 mm, 1.79 g, Thessalonica mint

SB 1954

O: fig stg facing on footstool wearing nimbus cr pallium and colobium holding book in l, insc to left and right reads IC/XC

R: Emperor bust facing but holding labarum, insc reads + Iω ΔεcπOT or similar

 

BYZANTINE; Phocas CE 602-610

AE Decanummium, 18 mm, 2.46 g, Constantinople mint

SB 645

O: crowned cuir bust facing holding gl cr and shield. O N FOCAS PERP AVG or similar

R: Large X with cross above. 

Column of Phocas, the last monument erected in the Roman Forum in CE 608 as seen at the end of September 2024

 

BYZANTINE; Nicephoros I and Stauracius CE 802-811

 

 

AE Follis; 24 x 19 mm, 5.21 g, 6h, Constantinople mint.

SB 1607

O: facing portraits of Nicephoros l and Stauracius r with + in between

R: Large M with A below and + above with XXX on left and NNN on right.

Nicephoros was killed at the Battled of Pliska in CE 811 by troops of the Bulgar Khan, Krum (d. CE 814). Krum took Nicephoros' skull, had it plated in silver and made into a drinking vessel.  Which John Julius Norwich indicates was used for the remainder of Krum's life as his drinking cup. (p. 124 "A Short History of Byzantium" NY 1997).

Stauracius is remembered for having the shortest reign of approximately 68 days as Byzantine emperor before abdicating and succumbing to his wounds received in the battle which was a severed spine and paralysis from a neck wound. 

ROMAN/Gratian CE 367-383

AE 18 mm, 2.58 g, 5h, Antioch mint c. CE 379-383

RCV 20137

O: diad draped cuirassed bust r, DN GRATIA-NVS PF AVG

R: Roma std facing left VIRTVS RO-[MA]NORVM in ex. ANTΔ and in left field Θ and in right field Φ

Ex: W. Esty

 

CRUSADER Antioch/Bohemund II CE 1126-1130

 AE 19 mm, 3.7 g, Antioch mint

CCS Antioch 10a

Metcalf 102-103

O: facing bust of St Peter

R: square cross with Bohemund's name divided up in quadrants

BA   IM
ɣN   ΔOC

Ex: W. Esty